Synonymy
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Diapherodes
Gray, 1835,
Synopsis of the Phasmidae, pp 13, 33.
[ Type species: Mantis
gigas Drury, 1773 {Nec Gryllus (Mantis) gigas Linné,
1758 = Mantis
gigantea Gmelin, 1789} = Mantis angulata Fabricius,
1793, by designation of Kirby, 1904. ]
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Burmeister, 1838,
Handbuch der Entomologie, II: 560, 573, 574.
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deHaan, 1842,
Bijdragen tot de Kennis der Orthoptera, pp 107, 109.
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Westwood, 1859,
Catalogue of Orthopterous Insects, I: 84.
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Saussure, 1872,
Recherches Zoologiques, 6me partie, Livr. 2: 183.
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Stål, 1875a,
Bihang Kongl Svenska Vet-Akad Handl, 2 (17): 15.
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Stål, 1875b,
Recensio Orthopterorum, p 31.
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Stål, 1875c,
Bihang Kongl Svenska Vet-Akad Handl, 3, (14): 11.
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Bolivar, 1888,
Mém Soc Zool France, (1888), 1, (1): 140.
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Redtenbacher, 1892,
Proc Zool Soc London, 1892: 208.
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Brunner, 1893a,
Ann Mus Civ St Nat Genova, Ser. 2, 13 (33): 83.
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Brunner, 1893b,
Proc Zool Soc London, 1893: 606.
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Kirby, 1904c,
Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera, I: 362.
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Redtenbacher, 1908,
Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden, pp 400, 434.
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Rehn, 1909,
Catalogue of the Orthoptera of Cuba, p 200.
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Bradley & Galil, 1977,
Proc Ent Soc Washington, 79 (2): 189.
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Aplopus
Gray, 1835,
Synopsis of the Phasmidae, p 34.
[ Type species: Phasma
angulata Stoll, 1813 {Nec Phasma angulata (Fabricius,
1793) = Mantis
gigas Drury, 1773; nec Phasma
angulata Lichtenstein, 1802 = Cyphocrana cornuta Saint-
Fargeau & Audinet-Serville, 1825} = Cyphocrana
microptera Saint-Fargeau & Audinet-Serville,
1825, by original monotypy. Kirby {1904c} incorrectly
designated Mantis jamaicensis Drury,
1773, as the type species. ]
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Rehn, 1904a,
Proc Acad Nat Sci Philadelphia, 1904: 63.
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Caudell, 1905a,
Journ New York Ent Soc, XIII (2): 83.
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Karny, 1923,
Treubia, III (2): 240.
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Rehn & Hebard, 1938,
Trans American Ent Soc, LXIV: 52.
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Bradley & Galil, 1977,
Proc Ent Soc Washington, 79 (2): 188-189.
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Haplopus
Burmeister, 1838,
Handbuch der Entomologie, II: 560, 576.
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deHaan, 1842,
Bijdragen tot de Kennis der Orthoptera, p 107, 127.
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Westwood, 1859,
Catalogue of Orthopterous Insects, I: 85.
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Saussure, 1872,
Recherches Zoologiques, 6me partie, Livr. 2: 191.
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Stål, 1875b,
Recensio Orthopterorum, p 31.
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Bolivar, 1888,
Mém Soc Zool France, (1888), 1, (1): 140.
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Kirby, 1904c,
Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera, I: 363.
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Redtenbacher, 1908,
Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden, pp 400, 429.
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Shelford, 1908,
Biologia Centrali Americana. Insecta. Orthoptera, II: 355, 365.
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Description
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General form. Body elongate, cylindrical to stocky; surface smooth to spinose.
Sexually dimorphic; the male is smaller and slenderer than the female.
Head. Elongate; vertex slightly swollen, unequally bituberculate, bispinose, or bicornute.
Antennae longer than the anterior legs; scape depressed; pedicel subcylindrical.
Compound eyes prominent; ocelli absent.
Thorax. Pronotum elongate, subrectangular; anterolateral defensive gland opening present.
Prosternum transversely trapezoidal, the margins convex.
Mesothorax elongate, cylindrical in the male, more robust in the female and constricted, sometimes
strongly so, anteriorly.
Metathorax short, transverse.
Median segment about 1.4 times the length of the metanotum.
Abdomen. Cylindrical, elongate.
Stout in the female, segments II-VII subquadrate, VIII-X
narrower and shorter than the preceding, X quadrate or transverse.
Tergites II-IV often with traces of retrorse spines on the posterior margin.
Supraanal plate small, medially carinate.
Sternite VII with a praeopercular organ; subgenital plate usually very elongate, well exceeding the end of
the abdomen, boat-shaped, medially carinate, apex rounded or acuminate.
Cerci short and straight.
Slenderer in the male; segments II-VII elongate, subequal in length, VIII-X shorter
and broader than the preceding, X transverse, apex medially emarginate.
Vomer with the base subrectangular, apical hook acuminate, elongate; subgenital plate fornicate,
longitudinally carinate, medially dentate; genitalia well-chitinized, dorsally with a strong sclerite,
ventral valves formed into a large dextral mass, beneath which is hidden a strongly sclerotized hook.
Cerci robust.
Legs. Of moderate length, stout, the posterior femora not reaching much beyond abdominal segment III.
Anterior femora strongly curved basally, the lower median carina sometimes displaced towards the anterior
one; middle and posterior femora with the lower median carina strongly spinose, and the lower lateral
anterior carina distally with a pair of spines, the posterior usually with only a single spine.
Tibiae anareolate.
First hind tarsomere longer than the second, sometimes longer than the next two together, dorsally rounded.
Wings. Female usually brachypterous, although occasionally apterous; male usually with short, apically rounded
tegmina and fully developed wings, although rarely brachypterous.
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Geographic distribution. The genus is primarily Antillean; one species occurs in
the Florida Keys and another in Nicaragua. Rehn (1903) reported a specimen from Panama in the USNM, but
I was not able to find it.
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Systematic notes. Burmeister’s use of Haplopus was an unwarranted orthographic
change of Gray’s Aplopus. As for the objective synonymization of Aplopus to Diapherodes,
Stål (1875c: 11) was first to note it; in my examination of the species, I could find no characters to
justify generic separation, and so I concur with him.
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Systematic position.
Superfamily Phasmatoidea | Family Bacteriidae |
Tribe Hesperophasmatini
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| 1 |
Diapherodes achalus (Rehn, 1904)
= Diapherodes longiscapha Redtenbacher, 1908
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Puerto Rico
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| 2 |
Diapherodes alope, sp. n.
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Cuba
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| 3 |
Diapherodes
christopheri Westwood, 1859
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St. Kitts
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| 4 |
Diapherodes
cubensis (Saussure, 1868)
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Cuba
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| 5 |
Diapherodes
evadne (Westwood, 1859)
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Gonaive Island, Haiti
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| 6 |
Diapherodes
gigas (Drury, 1773)
= Mantis gigantea Gmelin, 1789
= Mantis angulata Fabricius, 1793
= Cyphocrana cornuta Saint-Fargeau &
Audinet-Serville, 1825
= Haplopus grayi Kaup, 1871
= Diapherodes gigantea dominicae Rehn &
Hebard, 1938
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Guadeloupe
Dominica
St. Vincent
Grenada
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| 7 |
Diapherodes
jamaicensis (Drury, 1773)
= Mantis bispinosa Fabricius, 1775
= Diapherodes glabricollis Gray, 1835
= Diapherodes pulverulentus Gray, 1835
= Haplopus murinus Redtenbacher, 1908
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Jamaica
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| 8 |
Diapherodes
laevicollis Redtenbacher, 1908
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Jamaica
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| 9 |
Diapherodes
micropterus (Saint-Fargeau &
Audinet-Serville, 1825)
= Phasma angulata Stoll, 1813
= Haplopus obtusus Redtenbacher, 1908
= Haplopus ligiolus Redtenbacher, 1908
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Mona Island
Puerto Rico
St. Thomas
St. Croix
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| 10 |
Diapherodes
scabricollis Gray, 1835
= Aplopus mayeri Caudell, 1905
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Florida Keys
Bahamas
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| 11 |
Diapherodes
similis (Rehn, 1904)
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Swan Island
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| 12 |
Diapherodes
spinipes Gray, 1835
= Phasma angulata Palisot de Beauvois, 1805
= Haplopus cytherea Westwood, 1859
= Haplopus ligia Westwood, 1859
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Haiti
Dominican Republic
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| 13 |
Diapherodes
venustula (Audinet-Serville, 1839)
= Phasma havaniense Westwood, 1859
= Haplopus juvenis Redtenbacher, 1908
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Cuba
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| 14 |
Diapherodes
perarmatus (Redtenbacher, 1908)
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Nicaragua
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| 1. |
Males. [ D. similis (Rehn)
is known only from an immature, which, if it proves
brachypterous, would key to scabricollis Gray, from which it differs by having two pairs of
spines before the pronotal median sulcus. ]
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| 1'. |
Females.
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| 2 (1). |
Wings fully developed.
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| 2'. |
Wings not reaching beyond the middle of the median segment.
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| 3 (2). |
Pronotum smooth, at most with a few granules.
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| 3'. |
Pronotum with at least one pair of spines or tubercles before the median sulcus.
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| 4 (3). |
Posterior first tarsomere not longer than the next three together.
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| 4'. |
Posterior first tarsomere longer than the next three together.
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| 5 (4). |
Mesonotum anteriorly with strong black spines.
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| 5'. |
Mesonotum at most with some small granules.
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| 6 (4'). |
Lower median carina of middle femora with four spines; anterior margin of tegmina
with a narrow white stripe, then a broad brown band.
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| 6'. |
Lower median carina of middle femora with five spines; tegmina uniformly yellowish green,
the veins a brighter green.
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| 7 (3'). |
Mesonotum with three or four pairs of black-tipped spines.
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| 7'. |
Mesonotum with two to four tubercles clustered at the anterior margin, the rest
with at most small tubercles.
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| 8 (7). |
Horns on the head spinose, the apices black; metasternum with two or more tubercles.
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| 8'. |
Horns on the head rounded apically, not black; metasternum glabrous.
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| 9 (7'). |
Size small (less than 80 mm); metapleurae glabrous; posterior first tarsomere
longer than the next three together.
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| 9'. |
Size large (greater than 80 mm); metapleurae multi-turberculate; posterior
first tarsomere shorter than the next three together.
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| 10 (1'). |
Tegmina and wings present.
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| 10'. |
Tegmina and wings absent.
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| 11 (10). |
Posterior first tarsomere shorter than the next three together.
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| 11'. |
Posterior first tarsomere longer than the next three together.
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| 12 (11). |
Wings about as long as the tegmina.
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| 12'. |
Wings less than half the length of the tegmina.
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| 13 (12). |
Pro- and mesonota with some spines and tubercles.
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| 13'. |
pro- and mesonota glabrous, at most with some granules.
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| 14 (13). |
Metapleurae spinose.
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| 14'. |
Metapleurae smooth.
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| 15 (14). |
Supraanal plate triangular, carinate.
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| 15'. |
Supraanal plate rounded, smooth.
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| 16 (11'). |
Size large (greater than 95 mm); abdominal segment VII not dilated into large
triangular lobes.
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| 16'. |
Size small (less than 95 mm); abdominal segment VII posterolaterally dilated
into large triangular lobes.
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| 17 (16). |
Vertex of head swollen, with large pointed spines or tubercles.
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| 17'. |
Vertex of head only a little swollen, bispinulose.
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| 18 (17). |
Wings more than half the length of the metanotum and median segment.
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| 18'. |
Wings less than half the length of the metanotum and median segment.
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| 19 (18). |
Lower median carina of posterior femora with four spines.
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| 19'. |
Lower median carina of posterior femora with five or six spines.
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| 20 (19). |
Horns on the head black-tipped; thorax spinose.
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| 20'. |
Horns on the head not black-tipped; thorax tuberculate.
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